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{{Navigation|vorher=Verzweigung|hoch=Beschreibung der Systemelemente|nachher=Speicher mit Wasserkraftanlagen}}
{{Navigation|vorher=Verzweigung|hoch=Beschreibung der Systemelemente|nachher=Speicher mit Wasserkraftanlagen}}


[[Special:MyLanguage/Datei:Systemelement006.png|50px|none|Symbol Systemelement Speicher]]
[[Datei:Systemelement006.png|50px|none]]


Reservoirs are used to store an inflow and, depending on the current content and operating regulations, to deliver water for a total of newly different uses to up to three different system elements. With the possibility to [[Special:MyLanguage/Betriebsregelkonzept|regulate and control]] it is an extremely flexible system element with a variety of options. Originally, the reservoir was developed to represent dams, but it is also possible to represent other reservoirs such as flood control reservoirs or similar.
Storages are used to store an inflow and, depending on the current storage content and operating rules, to release water for different uses to up to three different system elements. With the possibility to [[Special:MyLanguage/Betriebsregelkonzept|regulate and control]] releases, it is an extremely flexible system element with a variety of options. Originally, the storage element was developed to represent reservoirs behind dams, but it can also be used to model other storages such as flood control reservoirs or similar.
Optionally, an addition to the reservoir by precipitation, as well as losses at the reservoir by evaporation and infiltration can be simulated.
Additionally, it is possible to optionally simulate the addition of water to the storage by precipitation, as well as losses from the storage by evaporation and infiltration.


The system element Reservoir can also be used to simulate [[Special:MyLanguage/Speicher mit Wasserkraftanlagen|hydro power plants]].
The storage system element can also be used to simulate [[Special:MyLanguage/Speicher mit Wasserkraftanlagen|hydro power plants]].




==Storage characteristic==
==Rating Curve==


The storage characteristic curve compares the content of the storage tank with the respective water levels and the surface.
The storage rating curve defines the relationship between storage volume, water level and surface area.
It is the basis for all calculation options that include not only the reservoir content but also the height or surface, e.g., feed/loss, weir, pressure pipe.
It forms the basis for all calculation options that depend on not only the storage volume but also the water level and/or the surface area e.g., precipitation/losses, flow over a weir, pressurized flow through pipes.




==Release==
==Releases==
The term release is used to describe any discharge of water according to operating rules from the storage to the downstream area through regulated or unregulated outlets. This includes controlled releases through operating and bottom outlets as well as releases via a spillway.


Releases are often related to operating rules, therefore, it is possible or sometimes also necessary to define several releases for each outlet.


===Calculation options===
===Calculation Options===


Independent of the selected calculation option, the outputs can still be scaled with a system state/state group, which makes it possible to integrate complex [[Special:MyLanguage/Betriebsregelkonzept|operating rules]], which are not only dependent on states within the storage element, but also on states within the entire river basin.
Independent of the selected calculation option, releases can always be scaled with a system state/control cluster, which makes it possible to model complex [[Special:MyLanguage/Betriebsregelkonzept|operating rules]], which are not only dependent on states within the storage, but also on other states within the river basin.


====Output per time step/output sequence====
====Release per Timestep / Release Sequence====


With this option, you define the output values by directly entering output values (up to 365). These output values are output in this order for one time step at a time during the simulation.
With this option, you define the release values by directly entering (up to 365) values. During the simulation, these values are then used as release values for the individual simulation timesteps in the given order.




====Function ( + Graph/Time series)====
====Function (+ Hydrograph/Time Series)====


The outputs are defined as content-dependent functions through the input of grid points. These outputs can additionally be scaled with a factor, a yearly, weekly and daily cycle (and, as with all calculation options, with a system state or a state group) or with a factor and a time series.
With this option, releases are defined as functions of storage volume by entering the nodes of the function. These releases can additionally be scaled with a factor, an annual, weekly and/or daily pattern (and, as with all calculation options, with a system state or a control cluster) or with a factor and a time series.


The following options are available as function types:
The following function types are available:


{|
{|
|
|
KNL
KNL
|Kennlinie
|Rating curve
|-
|-
|
|
LAM
LAM
|Lamellenplan
|Pool-based operating plan
|-
|-
|
|
XYZ
XYZ
|Zeitabhängige Funktion
|Time-dependent function
|}
|}




=====Characteristic curve=====
=====Rating Curve=====


For the characteristic curve, a time-independent content delivery function is entered. The interpolation points can be interpreted as steps or interpolated linearly.
The rating curve consists of a time-independent functional relationship between releases and storage volume. You can specify whether the function should be interpolated linearly between the entered nodes or whether the function should be interpreted as a step function.




=====Lamellenplan=====
=====Pool-Based Operating Plan=====


With the option ''Lamella plan'' the storage content is divided into different areas (lamellas) over the year and these lamellas are each assigned a fixed delivery level. Thus, any ascending delivery levels are defined and for each fixed period of time the respective storage contents are entered for each of these delivery levels.  
With the option pool-based operating plan, the storage is divided into different pools which vary over the year and these pools are each assigned a fixed release amount. A pool-based operating plan is defined by entering a number of releases with ascending amounts and specifying the corresponding storage volume for each release amount at different times of the year.  


The supporting points of the slat plan can be interpreted as block steps. However, it is also possible to interpolate linearly in time and/or to interpolate linearly between the grid points of the contents/output values.<br clear="all" />
The areas between the entered nodes can be interpreted as steps. However, it is also possible to interpolate linearly in time and/or between the release amounts.<br clear="all" />


<gallery mode="nolines" widths=600px heights=200px>
<gallery mode="nolines" widths=600px heights=200px>
Datei:Lamellenplan.png|Gegenüberstellung eines Lamellenplans in der zwei- und dreidimensionalen Darstellung, <br/>Interpretation: konstanter Block
Datei:Lamellenplan_EN.png|Comparison of a pool-based operating plan in the two- and three-dimensional representation, <br/>Interpretation: constant block (steps)
Datei:Lamellenplan_linear_interpoliert.png|Gegenüberstellung eines Lamellenplans in der zwei- und dreidimensionalen Darstellung, <br/>Interpretation: linear interpoliert (zeitlich und zwischen Inhalts-/Abgaben-Stützpunkten)
Datei:Lamellenplan_linear_interpoliert_EN.png|Comparison of a pool-based operating plan in the two- and three-dimensional representation, <br/>Interpretation: linearly interpolated (both in time and between pools)
</gallery>
</gallery>




=====Zeitabhängige Funktion=====
=====Time-Dependent Function=====


Die ''Zeitabhängige Funktion'' ist dem Lamellenplan sehr ähnlich, aber noch ein bisschen flexibler: Die Stützstellen für die Abgaben-Werte müssen für die verschiedenen Zeitabschnitte nur in der Anzahl, nicht aber im Wert dieselben sein, zudem müssen sie nicht zwingend aufsteigend sein. Es können also für verschiedene Zeitabschnitte beliebige Funktionen mit ihren jeweiligen Inhalts- und Abgaben-Werten definiert werden.
A time-dependent function is very similar to a pool-based operating plan, but a bit more flexible: the releases defined at different time periods only have to be of equal number but not in value, and they do not necessarily have to be ascending. This makes it possible to define arbitrary functions with individual nodes for release amounts and storage volumes for different time periods.


Standardmäßig werden die eingegebenen Stützstellen als Blockstufen interpretiert. Es besteht aber auch die Möglichkeit in der Zeit linear zu interpolieren und/ oder zwischen den Stützstellen der Inhalts-/Abgaben-Werte linear zu interpolieren.<br clear="all" />
By default the functions are interpreted as steps with constant values between the entered nodes. However, it is also possible to interpolate linearly in time and/or between the entered storage-release value pairs.<br clear="all" />




====Wehrüberfall====
====Weir Overflow====


Die Abgabe wird über die Wehrformel nach Poleni als vollkommener/ unvollkommener Überfall berechnet.
The release is calculated using the weir formula according to Poleni as free / submerged overflow.




====Druckrohrleitung====
====Pressure Pipeline====


Die Abgabe wird über die Ansätze nach Prandtl-Colebrook und Darcy-Weisbach berechnet.
The release is calculated according to the Prandtl-Colebrook and Darcy-Weisbach formulas.




====Turbine====
====Turbine====


Basierend auf den Kenngrößen der Turbine wird abhängig vom Speicherinhalt und dem Unterwasse rstand der Turbinendurchfluss, so bestimmt, dass die gewünschte Leistung eingehalten wird, solange die maximal mögliche Menge Durchflussmenge des Auslasses nicht überschritten wird. Siehe dazu auch die Seite zu [[Special:MyLanguage/Speicher_mit_Wasserkraftanlagen#Wasserkraft_als_Hauptprodukt| Wasserkraftanlagen]].
Based on the characteristics of the turbine, the flow through the turbine is determined depending on the storage level and the downstream water level, such that the desired power output is maintained as long as the maximum possible flow rate of the outlet is not exceeded. See also the page on [[Special:MyLanguage/Speicher_mit_Wasserkraftanlagen|hydropower plants]].




===Grenzen===
===Limits===


Für die einzelne Auslassorgane des Speichers können zusätzlich noch die [[Betriebsregeltypen#Grundsatz:_.C3.9Cberpr.C3.BCfung_physikalischer_Grenzen|physikalisch maximal möglichen Abgaben]] als Funktion des Speicherinhalts eingegeben werden, mit der die Wunschabgaben zusätzlich beschränkt werden. Auch ein minimal zulässiger Abfluss kann hier angegeben werden, unterhalb dessen die Abgabe auf 0 gesetzt wird.
The [[Special:MyLanguage/Betriebsregeltypen|maximum physically possible output]] of individual outlets can be entered as functions of storage volume, causing releases to be limited to these values. It is also possible to specify a minimum permissible release value, below which the release will be set to 0.




===Interne Abhängigkeiten===
===Internal Dependencies===


Über Interne Abhängigkeiten werden die [[Betriebsregeltypen#Regel_Typ_9:_Priorit.C3.A4ten_bei_mehreren.2C_konkurrierenden_Abgaben_aus_einem_Speicher|Prioritäten bei mehreren, konkurrierenden Abgaben aus einem Speicher]] definiert. Dabei können eine oder mehrer Abgaben reduziert werden, wenn eine andere Abgabe einen bestimmten Betrag überschreitet oder der Speicherinhalt einen bestimmten Betrag unterschreitet.  
Internal dependencies are used to define the [[Special:MyLanguage/Betriebsregeltypen|priorities in case of multiple competing releases from one storage]]. One or more releases can be reduced if another release exceeds a certain amount or if the storage volume falls below a certain value.  


Die jeweiligen Grenzen von Abgabe und Speichervolumen für die interne Abhängigkeiten sind Konstanten, die noch mit konstanten Ganglinien skaliert werden können.
The limits for releases and storage volumes for internal dependencies are entered as constant values, which can however be scaled with daily, weekly and/or annual patterns.


Bei der Reduktion von mehreren Abgaben ist zudem die Reihenfolge anzugeben, in der reduziert werden soll.
If several releases are to be reduced simultaneously, the order in which they should be reduced must also be specified.


Beispiel:
Example:
''Wenn Abgabe B > 0 und der Speicherinhalt S < X, dann reduziere Abgabe A um den Betrag der Abgabe B, wobei Abgabe A nicht kleiner als Null werden darf.''
''If release B > 0 and the storage volume S < X, then reduce release A by the amount of release B, but at most to a minimum value of zero.''


Das bedeutet, dass zwischen A und B eine lineare Abhängigkeit solange existiert, bis B gleich dem Wert von A ist. Steigt B weiter an, bleibt A konstant Null.
This means that there is a linear relatioship between A and B until B is equal to the value of A. If the value of B rises any further, A still remains zero.




==Zuschuss/ Verlust am Speicher==
==Precipitation/Losses==


Einen Zuschuss oder Verlust am Speicher in Form von Niederschlag, Verdunstung oder Versickerung kann über zwei Optionen berücksichtigt werden:
An addition of water caused by precipitation onto the storage's surface or losses caused by evaporation or infiltration can be considered via two options:


* Konstante Ganglinie (Tages,- Wochen- und/oder Jahresgang)
* Constant pattern (daily, weekly and/or annual pattern)
* Zeitreihe
* Time series


Diese können jeweils noch mit einem Faktor skaliert werden.
These can be additionally scaled by a factor.
Der speichereigene Verlust/Zuschuss wird zusätzlich noch automatisch mit der aktuellen Speicheroberfläche skaliert.
Precipitation, evaporation and infiltration values must be provided as a linear unit such as e.g. mm. During the simulation, the provided values are converted to water volumes by multiplying with the current storage surface area.

Aktuelle Version vom 30. August 2021, 12:48 Uhr

Sprachen:
Systemelement006.png

Storages are used to store an inflow and, depending on the current storage content and operating rules, to release water for different uses to up to three different system elements. With the possibility to regulate and control releases, it is an extremely flexible system element with a variety of options. Originally, the storage element was developed to represent reservoirs behind dams, but it can also be used to model other storages such as flood control reservoirs or similar. Additionally, it is possible to optionally simulate the addition of water to the storage by precipitation, as well as losses from the storage by evaporation and infiltration.

The storage system element can also be used to simulate hydro power plants.


Rating Curve

The storage rating curve defines the relationship between storage volume, water level and surface area. It forms the basis for all calculation options that depend on not only the storage volume but also the water level and/or the surface area e.g., precipitation/losses, flow over a weir, pressurized flow through pipes.


Releases

The term release is used to describe any discharge of water according to operating rules from the storage to the downstream area through regulated or unregulated outlets. This includes controlled releases through operating and bottom outlets as well as releases via a spillway.

Releases are often related to operating rules, therefore, it is possible or sometimes also necessary to define several releases for each outlet.

Calculation Options

Independent of the selected calculation option, releases can always be scaled with a system state/control cluster, which makes it possible to model complex operating rules, which are not only dependent on states within the storage, but also on other states within the river basin.

Release per Timestep / Release Sequence

With this option, you define the release values by directly entering (up to 365) values. During the simulation, these values are then used as release values for the individual simulation timesteps in the given order.


Function (+ Hydrograph/Time Series)

With this option, releases are defined as functions of storage volume by entering the nodes of the function. These releases can additionally be scaled with a factor, an annual, weekly and/or daily pattern (and, as with all calculation options, with a system state or a control cluster) or with a factor and a time series.

The following function types are available:

KNL

Rating curve

LAM

Pool-based operating plan

XYZ

Time-dependent function


Rating Curve

The rating curve consists of a time-independent functional relationship between releases and storage volume. You can specify whether the function should be interpolated linearly between the entered nodes or whether the function should be interpreted as a step function.


Pool-Based Operating Plan

With the option pool-based operating plan, the storage is divided into different pools which vary over the year and these pools are each assigned a fixed release amount. A pool-based operating plan is defined by entering a number of releases with ascending amounts and specifying the corresponding storage volume for each release amount at different times of the year.

The areas between the entered nodes can be interpreted as steps. However, it is also possible to interpolate linearly in time and/or between the release amounts.


Time-Dependent Function

A time-dependent function is very similar to a pool-based operating plan, but a bit more flexible: the releases defined at different time periods only have to be of equal number but not in value, and they do not necessarily have to be ascending. This makes it possible to define arbitrary functions with individual nodes for release amounts and storage volumes for different time periods.

By default the functions are interpreted as steps with constant values between the entered nodes. However, it is also possible to interpolate linearly in time and/or between the entered storage-release value pairs.


Weir Overflow

The release is calculated using the weir formula according to Poleni as free / submerged overflow.


Pressure Pipeline

The release is calculated according to the Prandtl-Colebrook and Darcy-Weisbach formulas.


Turbine

Based on the characteristics of the turbine, the flow through the turbine is determined depending on the storage level and the downstream water level, such that the desired power output is maintained as long as the maximum possible flow rate of the outlet is not exceeded. See also the page on hydropower plants.


Limits

The maximum physically possible output of individual outlets can be entered as functions of storage volume, causing releases to be limited to these values. It is also possible to specify a minimum permissible release value, below which the release will be set to 0.


Internal Dependencies

Internal dependencies are used to define the priorities in case of multiple competing releases from one storage. One or more releases can be reduced if another release exceeds a certain amount or if the storage volume falls below a certain value.

The limits for releases and storage volumes for internal dependencies are entered as constant values, which can however be scaled with daily, weekly and/or annual patterns.

If several releases are to be reduced simultaneously, the order in which they should be reduced must also be specified.

Example: If release B > 0 and the storage volume S < X, then reduce release A by the amount of release B, but at most to a minimum value of zero.

This means that there is a linear relatioship between A and B until B is equal to the value of A. If the value of B rises any further, A still remains zero.


Precipitation/Losses

An addition of water caused by precipitation onto the storage's surface or losses caused by evaporation or infiltration can be considered via two options:

  • Constant pattern (daily, weekly and/or annual pattern)
  • Time series

These can be additionally scaled by a factor. Precipitation, evaporation and infiltration values must be provided as a linear unit such as e.g. mm. During the simulation, the provided values are converted to water volumes by multiplying with the current storage surface area.